ABSTRACT
La viruela símica es una enfermedad zoonótica endémica de África occidental y central, pero el actual brote está presentado una inusual propagación por el mundo a pesar de su limitada capacidad para trasmitirse de humano a humano, situación que ha generado una preocupación sanitaria a nivel mundial. Objetivo. Identificar la viruela símica, descripción del monkeypox virus, brote actual de la viruela símica, etiología, trasmisión, signos y síntomas, diagnóstico, vacunación y tratamiento antiviral. Metodología. Se llevó a cabo una revisión sistemática en PubMed, Ovid y LILACS, empleando operadores booleanos como, "monkeypox" OR "MPXV" OR "human monkeypox" OR "virus monkeypox", en total se identificaron 986 registros, en inglés y español. La fase de cribado recabo 59 registros entre artículos científicos y literatura gris publicados entre el 2010 y el 2022. El proceso de revisión se desarrolló bajo los estándares del método PRISMA; la elegibilidad, incluyó valoración de la calidad científica por listas de comprobación, y la inclusión contempló los criterios de calidad de la evidencia y graduación de la fuerza de recomendación. Resultados. Se encontraron 287 registros en PubMed, 699 en Ovid Medline®, se localizaron en total 986 registros electrónicos. Conclusión. El incremento de la trasmisión de humano a humano pone en peligro al entorno familiar y a quienes brindan el cuidado de salud. Las erupciones cutáneas son el signo patognomónico durante la valoración clínica. La inmunidad colectiva alcanzada durante la vacunación contra la viruela humana se ha reducido, contribuyendo en el aumento de casos y la propagación.
Smallpox is a zoonotic disease endemic to West and Central Africa, but the current outbreak is showing an unusual spread throughout the world despite its limited ability to transmit from human to human, a situation that has raised global health concern. Objective. To identify monkeypox, description of monkeypox virus, current outbreak of monkeypox, etiology, transmission, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, vaccination and antiviral treatment. Methodology. A systematic review was carried out in PubMed, Ovid and LILACS, using Boolean operators such as, "monkeypox" OR "MPXV" OR "human monkeypox" OR "monkeypox virus", a total of 986 records were identified, in English and Spanish. The screening phase collected 59 records between scientific articles and grey literature published between 2010 and 2022. The review process was developed under the standards of the PRISMA method; eligibility included assessment of scientific quality by checklists, and inclusion contemplated the criteria of quality of evidence and grading of the strength of recommendation. Results. A total of 287 records were found in PubMed, 699 in Ovid Medline®, and 986 electronic records were located. Conclusion. The increase in human-to-human transmission endangers the family environment and health care providers. Skin rashes are the pathognomonic sign during clinical assessment. The herd immunity achieved during human smallpox vaccination has been reduced, contributing to the increase in cases and spread.
A varíola é uma doença zoonótica endêmica da África Ocidental e Central, mas o surto atual está mostrando uma disseminação global incomum, apesar de sua capacidade limitada de transmissão de pessoa para pessoa, uma situação que levantou preocupações com a saúde global. Objetivo. Identificar a varíola do macaco, a descrição do vírus da varíola do macaco, o atual surto de varíola do macaco, a etiologia, a transmissão, os sinais e sintomas, o diagnóstico, a vacinação e o tratamento antiviral. Metodologia. Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática no PubMed, Ovid e LILACS, usando operadores booleanos como "monkeypox" OR "MPXV" OR "human monkeypox" OR "monkeypox virus", no total foram identificados 986 registros, em inglês e espanhol. A fase de triagem coletou 59 registros de artigos científicos e literatura cinzenta publicados entre 2010 e 2022. O processo de revisão foi desenvolvido de acordo com os padrões do método PRISMA; a elegibilidade incluiu a avaliação da qualidade científica por meio de listas de verificação, e a inclusão contemplou os critérios de qualidade de evidência e graduação da força de recomendação. Resultados. Foram encontrados 287 registros no PubMed, 699 no Ovid Medline® e um total de 986 registros eletrônicos. Conclusões. O aumento da transmissão de pessoa para pessoa coloca em risco o ambiente doméstico e os prestadores de serviços de saúde. Erupções cutâneas são o sinal patognomônico durante a avaliação clínica. A imunidade de rebanho obtida durante a vacinação contra a varíola humana foi reduzida, contribuindo para o aumento dos casos e da disseminação.
ABSTRACT
ObjectiveTo understand the epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak of respiratory tract infections caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae （MP） in a primary school in Huzhou City， Zhejiang Province， and to provide scientific reference for future prevention and control of school outbreaks of upper respiratory tract infections caused by M. pneumoniae. MethodsAccording to the requirements for investigating respiratory infectious disease outbreaks， basic information， clinical history and epidemiological information were collected from the cases. Throat swab samples of cases for COVID-19 nucleic acid testing， influenza A and B virus antigen testing， and serum samples for detecting total antibody of mycoplasma were also collected. ResultsA total of 47 cases related to M. pneumoniae infection were identified. The first case occurred on May 4， 2022， and the cases were concentrated between May 22 and May 31， 2022. The last case occurred on June 21， marking a duration of 48 days for the outbreak. All cases were second-grade students， with an incidence rate of 35.07% （47/134） in the affected classes， with Class 206 at 53.330% （24/45）， Class 207 at 38.64% （17/44）， and Class 211 at 13.33% （6/45）. There was a statistically significant difference in the incidence rates among the classes （χ2=16.57，P<0.05）. The incidence rate was 32.39% （23/71） for boys and 38.10% （24/63） for girls， with no statistically significant difference by gender （χ2=0.48，P>0.05）. The main clinical manifestations included cough， fever， and sore throat， and some cases exhibited signs of pneumonia. Pharyngeal swabs and serum samples were collected from 27 patients. The results were negative for pharynx swab samples， and positive for total mycoplasma antibody in 12 serum samples， with a positive rate of 44.44%. ConclusionSymptoms caused by M. pneumoniae are diverse in clinical manifestations， with atypical signs and a slow progression. Early cases tend to exhibit mild symptoms. The onset of the disease is not detected in time when students are attending classes. The school morning health checks fail to promptly detect it and trigger home isolation control measures， which all contribute to the outbreak of the epidemic. Schools should conduct relevant prevention and control campaigns， improve morning and afternoon health checks， and prevent students from attending classes while sick.
ABSTRACT
Disease outbreaks can have an impact on one's mental health. A comprehensive knowledge about the psychological state of healthcare workers (HCWs) during disease outbreak is limited. This review aims to present HCWs' psychological issues due to multiple outbreaks in the past and present, including SARS, MERS, Ebola, and COVID-19. The results indicated the presence of affective symptoms, paranoia, and decreased trust among HCWs. The review reveals the need of research to understand strategies and interventions that can enhance the well-being of HCWs.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: To statistically compare the trends of epidemiological indicators of COVID-19 in India with Italy, the UK, and the US. Methodology: In this descriptive analysis, epidemiological indicators were calculated and their trends were plotted and compared statistically. Regression analysis was done to predict the fatalities. Results: The trends of total and active cases per million populations are rising in India and US, while Italy has achieved the plateau in the total cases per million populations, and active cases have been sharply declining with time. The UK is about to achieve the same. India has remained far behind the other three countries in the number of tests per million populations (p<0.05). In the initial phase, the test positivity rate of India was quite lower but has overtaken Italy and UK. India has always reported a higher recovery rate than US and lower than Italy. CFRs have achieved a plateau in Italy and UK, in US it is declining, while it remained almost constant in India throughout the pandemic. Testing was a significant covariate in predicting the fatalities. Conclusions: India was able to manage the initial phase of this pandemic due to early and strict government interventions and strong public health responses.
ABSTRACT
Objective@#To analyze the etiological characteristics of an outbreak of Campylobacter foodborne disease in a middle school in Suzhou City, so as to provide insights into the identification of pathogenic factors of Campylobacter foodborne disease outbreaks.@*Methods@#Eighteen anal swabs from patients, 10 anal swabs from canteen workers, 43 food samples, 2 drinking water samples, 2 food original material samples and 31 environmental samples were collected, and the pathogens were rapidly screened using the gastrointestinal infection detection strip. The pathogens were isolated and cultured using the double-pore filtration membrane method, and cluster analysis of bacterial isolates was performed using pulsed field gel electrophoresis ( PFGE ). In addition, the susceptibility of Campylobacter isolates to antibiotics was tested using the Campylobacter agar dilution method.@*Results@#A total of 63 cases with Campylobacter infections were reported, and the major clinical symptoms included diarrhea ( 51 cases, 80.95% ) and fever ( 39 cases, 61.90% ), while no inpatients or deaths were found. Twelve Campylobacter-positive samples were detected, including 11 anal swabs sampled from patients and one food original material sample. Among the 11 positive anal swabs, there were 10 samples positive for Campylobacter jejuni and one sample positive for C. coli, and of the one positive food original material, C. coli was identified. PFGE analysis showed that 10 C. jejuni isolates of had 100.0% homology, and these 10 isolates were 100.0% resistant to naphthyridic acid, ciprofloxacin and tetracycline, appearing multidrug resistance.@*Conclusions@#This is an outbreak of foodborne disease caused by C. jejuni infections. Gastrointestinal infection detection strips, double-pore filtration membrane and PFGE typing are rapid and accurate to identify pathogenic factors.
ABSTRACT
ObjectiveTo analyze the epidemiological features of foodborne disease outbreaks in Shanghai and to find the risk factors. MethodsWe collected the data of foodborne disease outbreaks occurred in Shanghai between 2010 and 2020， analyzed the characteristics of outbreaks， including time and geographic distribution， pathogenic factors and possible reasons caused outbreaks. ResultsBetween 2010 and 2020， there were 108 foodborne disease outbreaks with 1 736 cases， 45 inpatient cases and 1 death. May to September was the epidemic period， with about 64.81% of the outbreak occurrence. 39.81% outbreaks occurred in Pudong， Songjiang and Chongming Districts. Most outbreaks occurred in small restaurants （25%） and most foodborne cases were in staff canteen outbreaks （27.53%）. The main possible reasons caused outbreaks were improper food storage （19.44%）， cross-contamination （14.81%） and improper cooking （12.04%）. The major pathogenic factor was biological， caused 75.92% outbreaks and 77.59% cases. Methanol poisoning caused 1 death. The main contaminated food caused outbreaks was meat （17.59%）， multiple food （12.04%） and aquatic products （11.11%）. ConclusionThe foodborne disease outbreaks in Shanghai caused inpatient cases and death. We should pay more attention to foodborne disease outbreaks and we can control the risk factors by strengthening supervision and carrying out health education to reduce foodborne disease outbreaks.
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION@#Disease outbreaks such as the COVID-19 pandemic significantly heighten the psychological stress of healthcare workers (HCWs). The objective of this study was to understand the factors contributing to the perceived stress levels of HCWs in a public primary care setting during the COVID-19 pandemic, including their training, protection and support (TPS), job stress (JS), and perceived stigma and interpersonal avoidance.@*METHODS@#This cross-sectional study using an electronic self-administered questionnaire was conducted at the National Healthcare Group Polyclinics in March 2020. Data was collected anonymously. Analysis was performed using regression modelling.@*RESULTS@#The response rate was 69.7% (n = 1,040). The mean perceived stress level of HCWs in various departments ranged from 17.2 to 20.3. Respondents who reported higher perceived stress were those who made alternative living arrangements, were more affected by the current pandemic, reported higher JS and were Muslims. Respondents who reported lower perceived stress were those who had been through the severe acute respiratory syndrome epidemic in 2003 and H1N1 pandemic in 2009 as HCWs, and those who had higher confidence in the organisation's TPS.@*CONCLUSION@#All HCWs, regardless of their scope of work, were similarly stressed by the current pandemic compared to the general population. Improving the confidence of HCWs in their training, protection and the support of personal protective equipment, and retaining experienced HCWs who can provide advice and emotional support to younger colleagues are important. Adequate psychological support for HCWs in the pandemic can be transformed into reserves of psychological resilience for future disease outbreaks.
Subject(s)
Humans , COVID-19/epidemiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Health Personnel/psychology , Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype , Pandemics , Primary Health Care , SARS-CoV-2 , Stress, PsychologicalABSTRACT
Resumen | Introducción. Salmonella entérica subsp. entérica serovar Give se encuentra en mamíferos rumiantes, cerdos, aves y ambientes acuáticos, pero rara vez en humanos. En Colombia este serotipo ocupó el decimoprimer lugar en frecuencia en la vigilancia por laboratorio de la enfermedad diarreica aguda entre el 2000 y el 2013. Objetivo. Caracterizar el fenotipo y el genotipo de S. Give en aislamientos relacionados con un brote de enfermedad transmitida por alimentos en el departamento de Vichada en la quinta semana epidemiológica del 2015. Materiales y métodos. Se buscó Salmonella spp. en 37 muestras de materia fecal con el método de estudio del Instituto Nacional de Salud. La muestra de sardinas enlatadas fue procesada según la norma ISO6579:2002 Cor.1:2004. Se determinó el serotipo en los aislamientos confirmados mediante serología o PCR en tiempo real, y se hicieron pruebas de sensibilidad a antimicrobianos y electroforesis en gel de campo pulsado con las enzimas Xbal y BlnI. Resultados. Todos los aislamientos de origen humano (11) y el aislamiento del alimento (1), se identificaron como S. Give y este último presentó resistencia a la tetraciclina. El análisis por PFGE-XbaI agrupó bajo el patrón COIN15JEXX01.0005 diez aislamientos de origen humano y a los restantes bajo el COIN15JEXX01.0006, con un 96,3 % de similitud. Los resultados de todos los aislamientos se confirmaron con la enzima BlnI; cuatro de ellos (tres humanos y el del alimento) se agruparon bajo el patrón COIN15JEXA26.002, con un porcentaje de similitud del 95,65 %. Conclusión. El estudio confirmó que las sardinas enlatadas se relacionaron con la transmisión de S. Give en el brote, que es el tercero ocasionado por este serotipo en Colombia.
Abstract | Introduction: Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Give is found in ruminants, pigs, poultry, and aquatic environments, but rarely in humans. In Colombia, this serotype was ranked 11th. in the laboratory surveillance of acute diarrheal disease between 2000 and 2013. Objective: To characterize phenotypic and genotypic isolates of Salmonella related to an outbreak of foodborne Illness in the department Vichada in the fifth epidemiological week of 2015. Materials and methods: Following the Instituto Nacional de Salud method, we tested 37 fecal samples for Salmonella spp. while the sample of canned sardines was processed according to the ISO 6579:2002 Cor.1:2004 standard. The isolates were confirmed by serology and/or real-time PCR, antimicrobial susceptibility tests, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis with the XbaI and BlnI enzymes. Results: All human isolates (11) and that from food (1) were identified as S. Give. The food isolate exhibited tetracycline resistance. PFGE analysis with XbaI grouped ten isolates from samples of human origin in pattern COIN15JEXX01.0005 and the remaining isolates in COIN15JEXX01.0006 with 96.3% similarity. All isolates were confirmed with the BlnI enzyme, and four (three human isolates and the one from food) were matched to the pattern COIN15JEXA26.002 with 95.65% similarity. Conclusion: Our study confirmed that canned sardines were related to the transmission of S. Give in the outbreak, which is the third one caused by this serotype in Colombia.
Subject(s)
Salmonella , Foodborne Diseases , Disease Outbreaks , Colombia , Epidemiological MonitoringABSTRACT
Considerando-se a situação atual mundial, marcada por importantes crises na saúde pública e, mais recentemente, a pandemia causada pela COVID-19, o presente artigo buscou reunir informações e achados de pesquisa a respeito do impacto de tais crises na saúde mental. O texto traz conceitos relacionados à problemática do novo coronavírus e analisa consequências de medidas adotadas para lidar com situações desse tipo, tais como distanciamento social, quarentena e isolamento, ao longo de três períodos distintos: pré-crise, intracrise e pós-crise. O artigo enfoca as repercussões observadas na saúde mental da população, refletindo acerca dos desfechos favoráveis e desfavoráveis dentro do processo de crise. Por fim, são apresentadas questões relacionadas à emergência do cuidado em saúde mental, tanto aquele prestado pela Psicologia, como aquele que pode ser desenvolvido pelos demais profissionais de saúde, de modo a minimizar os impactos negativos da crise e atuar de modo preventivo.
Considering the current global situation, marked by important public health crises and, more recently, the COVID-19 pandemic, this article aims to gather information and research findings on the impact of such crises on mental health. The text presents the main concepts related to the new coronavirus and analyzes the consequences of the measures adopted to deal with scenarios such as the current problem, which involve social distance, quarantine, and isolation, within three distinct moments: pre-crisis, intra-crisis, and post-crisis. The paper focuses on the repercussions observed on the population's mental health and discusses favorable and unfavorable outcomes within the crisis process. To conclude, it presents questions related to the emergence of mental health care provided by Psychology and other health professionals in order to reduce negative impacts of this crisis and act in a preventive function.
Subject(s)
Disease Outbreaks , Crisis Intervention , Epidemics , PandemicsABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION@#Emerging infectious disease outbreaks, such as the present coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, often have a psychological impact on the well-being of the general population, including survivors and caregivers. Our study aimed to synthesise extant literature regarding the combined psychological responses and coping methods used by the general population in past outbreaks.@*METHODS@#We conducted a narrative synthesis of the published literature over the last two decades with a quality appraisal of included articles that reported both psychological responses and coping strategies within infectious disease outbreaks.@*RESULTS@#A total of 144 papers were identified from the search, 24 of which were included in the review. Overall, 18 studies examined the psychosocial responses of the general population towards the severe acute respiratory syndrome epidemic, four studies focused on the Ebola epidemic and two studies covered the H1N1 outbreak. Common themes in psychological responses included anxiety/fears, depression, anger, guilt, grief and loss, post-traumatic stress and stigmatisation, but also a greater sense of empowerment and compassion towards others. Coping strategies adopted included problem-focused coping (seeking alternatives, self- and other-preservation), seeking social support, avoidance, and positive appraisal of the situation.@*CONCLUSION@#Amid the range of psychosocial responses seen in past infectious disease outbreaks, practical considerations for the current COVID-19 pandemic need to focus on the individual in the context of the larger social environment, with an emphasis on raising awareness of the range of possible psychosocial responses, access to psychological help, self-care, empowering self-support groups and sustained engagement with updated, reliable information about the outbreak.
Subject(s)
Humans , Adaptation, Psychological , Physiology , Betacoronavirus , Coronavirus Infections , Epidemiology , Psychology , Health Personnel , Psychology , Mental Health , Pandemics , Pneumonia, Viral , Epidemiology , Psychology , Stress, Psychological , Epidemiology , PsychologyABSTRACT
Objective@#To understand the epidemiological characteristics of foodborne disease outbreaks in schools in Zhejiang province, and to provide evidence for effective prevention and control of foodborne disease outbreaks in schools.@*Methods@#A descriptive analysis was conducted on foodborne disease outbreaks in Zhejiang schools reported by the national foodborne disease outbreaks surveillance system from 2010 to 2019.@*Results@#During the past 10 years, a total of 86 foodborne disease outbreaks in schools were reported, with 1 755 illnesses, 240 hospitalizations, and no deaths. Pathogenic bacteria and their toxins were the main causes of foodborne disease outbreaks in schools, accounting for 83.0%(44/53) of all identified causes. The top four types of pathogenic bacteria were Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella, diarrheagenic Escherichia coli, and Bacillus cereus. Meat products and mixed foods were the main foods that caused the outbreaks, each accounting for 16.3%(14/86) of total incidents. High school cafeterias were places with the highest incidence, accounting for 38.4%(33/86) of the total. School concession stands caused the largest number of hospitalizations, accounting for 37.1%(89/240) of the total. The peak month of foodborne disease outbreaks in schools was September, followed by June, May, and October. Crosscontamination and improper storage were the main causes of foodborne disease outbreaks in schools.@*Conclusion@#Bacterial foodborne disease is a major food safety issue in schools in Zhejiang Province. In summer and fall, school cafeterias and food stores should take effective measures to prevent bacterial foodborne disease outbreaks caused by cross-contamination and improper storage of high-risk foods such as meat products and cold-processed bakeries.
ABSTRACT
Resumen Comunicamos dos casos de meningitis aséptica asociadas a parotiditis viral en mujeres de edad mediana, una de ellas embarazada. Ambas se presentaron pocos días después del aumento de volumen parotídeo, con cefalea, fiebre y signos meníngeos, pleocitosis de predominio mononuclear en el LCR y resultados negativos para otras causas. La parotiditis fue confirmada por serología IgG e IgM positiva. Las pacientes tuvieron una evolución favorable con desaparición total de sus síntomas. Ambos casos ocurrieron durante un brote regional de parotiditis. La meningitis aséptica es una complicación frecuente de las parotiditis. Su diagnóstico puede lograrse por el aumento de volumen glandular precedente, la pleocitosis de predominio mononuclear en el LCR y una serología IgM e IgG positiva o detección genómica por RPC en muestra urinaria o salival. Esta complicación es más probable que sea observada durante brotes de parotiditis viral.
We report two cases of acute aseptic meningitis associated to mumps in middle-aged women, one pregnant. Both presented shortly after parotid gland enlargement. Neurological complications were suspected by headache, fever and meningeal signs and confirmed by CSF findings (mononuclear predominant pleocytosis) with negative results for alternative causes. Mumps were confirmed by positive IgM and IgG serology. Both patients were discharged with a favorable evolution and complete disappearance of symptoms. Cases were concurrent with a regional mumps outbreak. Conclusions: Aseptic meningitis is a rare mumps-associated neurological complication. Its diagnostic can be achieved by precedent parotid enlargement, mononuclear pleocytosis in the CSF and positive IgM and IgG serology or viral detection by PCR in urine or salivary samples. This complication would be more probably observed during mumps outbreaks.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Meningitis, Aseptic/virology , Mumps/complications , Seasons , Time Factors , Chile/epidemiology , Incidence , Risk Factors , Age Distribution , Epidemics , Meningitis, Aseptic/pathology , Meningitis, Aseptic/epidemiology , Mumps/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Objective: To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of varicella in Shaanxi Province from 2005 to 2017 and help updating of government policies for varicella control. Methods: The epidemiological data of varicella in Shaanxi Province during 2005 and 2017 were collected from Disease Surveillance Information Reporting System of Chinese Information System. Results: A total of 101370 varicella cases were reported with only one death from 2005 to 2017. The average incidence was 20.77/105, and an obvious seasonal prevalence with peak in June and December was observed. Additionally, a higher incidence of 208.37/105 was shown in children between 0 to 14 years old. Moreover, there were 98 outbreaks, among which 82.2% occurred in elementary schools. Furthermore, Clade2 was the main epidemic strain in Shaanxi. Conclusion: Children are at a high risk for varicella infection, so the surveillance should be strengthened in elementary schools. It is critical to isolate infected cases timely and improve vaccine implementation among pupils.
ABSTRACT
School students in crowed environment are susceptible to tuberculosis(TB), often resulting outbreaks and public health emergencies. We give further advices on the investigation of index cases and their close contacts, diagnosis and treatment of active TB patients and latent TB infection and their standardized management, aiming at facilitating TB epidemiology investigation, scene disposal and related effect evaluation.
ABSTRACT
School students in crowed environment are susceptible to tuberculosis(TB), often resulting outbreaks and public health emergencies. We give further advices on the investigation of index cases and their close contacts, diagnosis and treatment of active TB patients and latent TB infection and their standardized management, aiming at facilitating TB epidemiology investigation, scene disposal and related effect evaluation.
Subject(s)
Humans , China , Epidemiology , Consensus , Contact Tracing , Disease Outbreaks , Schools , Tuberculosis , EpidemiologyABSTRACT
Objective@#To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of norovirus clustering and outbreaks in schools and kindergartens in China, so as to provide references for prevention and control of outbreaks.@*Methods@#A descriptive epidemiological method was used to analyze outbreaks of Norovirus in schools and kindergartens in China during 2014-2018 , the indicators which was analyzed and compared including attack rate, duration of the outbreak, reporting interval.@*Results@#A total of 832 Norovirus outbreaks were reported by schools and kindergartens in China from 2014 to 2018. The total number of outbreaks showed an upward trend with an average annual growth rate of 58%. The number of reported cases was 40 445 but there was no death. Norovirus outbreaks mainly occurred in primary schools (42%), followed by kindergartens and middle schools (both 24%), university (6%) and 77 outbreaks (4%) were reported in universities and other schools. The peak seasons were March to May, November and December each year. Jiangsu Province and Guangdong Province (both 22%) reported the largest number of outbreaks. The main transmission of norovirus outbreaks was through direct person contact (72%), foodborne (4%) and waterborne (3%) caused fewer outbreaks than direct person contact. The duration of the epidemic was positively correlated with the reporting interval (r=0.63, P<0.05) and the number of cases per outbreak (r=0.51, P<0.05).@*Conclusion@#Disinfection treatment of vomitus should be standardized in schools and kindergartens. Timely detection, reporting, disposal of the epidemic can effectively control the spread of norovirus outbreaks.
ABSTRACT
@#In May 2012, a teacher of a nursing school with about 300 staff members and students in Japan was diagnosed with sputum smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis (TB), leading to an investigation involving nearly 300 contacts. We describe the contacts’ closeness to the index TB patient and the likelihood of TB infection and disease. A case of TB was defined as an individual with positive bacteriological tests or by a physician diagnosis of TB. A latent TB infection (LTBI) case was defined as an individual who had a positive interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA). A total of 283 persons screened with IGRA were analysed. Eight persons (2.8%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.2–5.4) tested positive by IGRA; one student who had intermediate (less than 10 hours) contact with the index patient was found to have pulmonary TB by chest X-ray. The positivity in IGRA among staff members with very close contact with the index patient (4 of 21, 19%, 95% CI: 5.4–42%) with a statistically significant relative risk of 17 (95% CI: 2.0–140) was high compared with that of the intermediate contacts (1 of 88, 1.1% [95% CI: 0.028–6.2]). There was a statistically significant trend in the risk of TB infection and closeness with the index patient among the staff members and students (P < 0.00022). In congregate settings such as schools, the scope of contact investigation may have to be expanded to detect a TB case among those who had brief contact with the index patient.
ABSTRACT
Objective To provide a besis of the control measures for foodborne disease outbreaks by analysing the laws and the popular features of foodlorne disease outbreaks in yunnan from 2013 to 2017.Methods The data of epidemic situation and field investigation of foodborne disease outbreaks from 2013 to 2017 in Yunnan province was analyzed. Results From 2013 to 2017,a total of 2 519 cases of foodborne disease outbreaks were repeatedin Yunnan Province,Among 18681 cases, 257 patients died with mortality 1.38% . Foodborne disease outbreaks occur in the third quarters.Outbreaking and outbreaking from a few number of households, followed by the work unit Employer Unit; outbreaking deaths in the family is also the most. Primary causal factor is plant. Pathogen the pathogenic bacteria main pathogen are Salmonella (38.89%), Bacillus cereus intoxication bacillus (38.89%),staphylococcus aureus (11.11%), Diarrheagenic escherichia coli (5.56%), Proteus Proteus species Proteus vulgaris (5.56%),et al. Conclusion From 2013 to 2017,foodborne disease outbreaking in yunnan is mainly due to plants and micro－organisms and mosty oceurs at home and canteens. It is necessary to strengthen the food hygiene management at home and canteens,to avoid foodborne disease outbreaking incidents.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: For earlier detection of infectious disease outbreaks, a digital syndromic surveillance system based on search queries or social media should be utilized. By using real-time data sources, a digital syndromic surveillance system can overcome the limitation of time-delay in traditional surveillance systems. Here, we introduce an approach to develop such a digital surveillance system. METHODS: We first explain how the statistics data of infectious diseases, such as influenza and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) in Korea, can be collected for reference data. Then we also explain how search engine queries can be retrieved from Google Trends. Finally, we describe the implementation of the prediction model using lagged correlation, which can be calculated by the statistical packages, i.e., SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences). RESULTS: Lag correlation analyses demonstrated that search engine data/Twitter have a significant temporal relationship with influenza and MERS data. Therefore, the proposed digital surveillance system can be used to predict infectious disease outbreaks earlier. CONCLUSIONS: This prediction method could be the core engine for implementing a (near-) real-time digital surveillance system. A digital surveillance system that uses Internet resources has enormous potential to monitor disease outbreaks in the early phase.
Subject(s)
Communicable Diseases , Coronavirus Infections , Disease Outbreaks , Influenza, Human , Information Storage and Retrieval , Internet , Korea , Methods , Search Engine , Social MediaABSTRACT
Objective To learn the epidemiological characteristics of foodborne disease outbreak in 2015,Zhejiang Province,and to provide evidences for the prevention and control of foodborne disease outbreak.Methods Descriptive epidemiological analysis using ArcGIS 10.2 and SPSS 19.0 was conducted on geographical country data,information of permanent resident population and the incidence data of foodborne disease outbreak reported through foodborne disease outbreak reporting information system in 2015.Results There were 116 foodborne disease events reported in Zhejiang in 2015,resulting in 1 009 persons attacked,115 hospitalization and 10 deaths.The proportion of unknown pathogenic factor for events was 29.31%.The events appearance sporadic,there were some local hotspots in Jiaxing.The vibrio parahaemolyticus was the most common pathogen (32.76%),and poisonous mushrooms(8.62%)come the second.Most foodborne disease incidents occurred during June to November.Restaurants ,family and rural feasts were the major places where the foodborne disease occurred.The proportion of family foodborne disease events because of mistaken and misuse poisonous substances increased,and the hospitalization rate and mortality of events of which were the highest (33.9% and 7.63% respectively).Conclusion The food safety management and of restaurants and rural feasts should be strengthened in summer and autumn,as well as foodborne disease prediction and forewarning to reduce the foodborne disease incidents caused by microorganism contamination and poisonous muchnooms.It is necessary to conduct public risk cognition research for foodborne disease in Zhejiang,which could provide evidence for preventing and controlling family foodborne disease.